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History of the Indian race
INTRODUCTION
Traditionally, the principle of the United The history of the States "is considered from the time of European exploration and conquest, beginning in the 16th century until the present. But people had been living in the United States for more than 30,000 years before the first European settlers arrived.
When Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in 1492 was received by brown-skinned people whose physical appearance confirmed him in his view that India had come to the past and that, therefore, called the Indians, Indians, a name which, however, wrong in its first application continued to hold its own, and has long since won general acceptance, except in writing strictly scientific, where the more accurate term is commonly used in America. In the exploration was extended north and south was found that the same race are spread across the continent from the shores of the Arctic to Cape Horn, everywhere alike in the main physical characteristics, except of the Eskimos in the far north (whose characteristics suggest that Mongolia).
BACKGROUND
Origin and age
Several origins have been assigned to the Indian race. The explanation about Believe is following. At the height of the Ice Age, between 34,000 and 30,000 BC C., large part of the world's water was contained in large continental ice sheets. As a result, the Bering Sea was hundreds of meters below its present level, and a land bridge known as Beringia, emerged between Asia and North America. At its peak, Beringia is thought to have been some 1,500 kilometers wide. A moist and tundra devoid tree was covered with herbs and plants, which attracts large animals that early humans hunted for their survival. The first people to reach North America almost certainly did not know who had entered a new continent. They would have been after the game, as their ancestors for thousands of years, along of the Siberian coast and then across the land bridge.
Type of race
The most notable physical characteristics of the type of Indian race are brown skin, dark brown eyes, high cheekbones, straight black hair, and lack of beard. The red color is not, as popularly supposed, but varies from very mild in some tribes as the Cheyenne, to almost black, in others, such as the Caddo and Tarimari. In some tribes, like the flatheads, the skin has a yellowish different. The hair is brown in childhood, but always black in the adult until it turns gray with age. Baldness is almost unknown. The eye not kept as open as in the Caucasus and seems better suited to the close working distance. The nose is usually straight and well formed, and in some tribes heavily columbine. His hands and feet are comparatively small. Height and weight vary among Europeans, the average Peoples, but just over five feet, while the Cheyenne and Arapaho are exceptionally high, and the Patagonia Tehuelches almost massive in construction. As a rule, the Indians of the desert, like the Apache, are spare parts and building muscle, while the regions of wood are heavier, although not proportionately stronger. The beard is always scanty, but increases with the mixture of white blood. The misconception that the Indian has naturally no beard is due to the fact that in most tribes is started as quickly as it grows, the eyebrows being treated in the same way. There is no tribe of "white Indians", but albinos with blond skin, weak pink eyes and hair almost white, occasionally found, especially among peoples.
Major cultural areas
From prehistoric times until recent historic times there were roughly six major cultural areas, excluding the Arctic (see Eskimo), ie, Northwest Coast, Plains, Plateau, Eastern Woodlands, North and Southwest.
• The Northwest Coast Area of
The area target = "_blank"> Extended Northwest Coast along the Pacific coast south of Alaska to northern California. The main language families in this area were the Nadene in the north and the Wakashan (a subdivision of the Algonquian-Wakashan linguistic stock) and the Tsimshian (a subdivision of the population Penutian linguistic) in the central area. Typical tribes were the Kwakiutl, Haida, Tsimshian, and the Nootka. Densely wooded, with a temperate climate and heavy rains, the area had long supported a large indigenous population. Salmon was the staple food, supplemented by marine mammals (seals and sea lions) and land mammals (deer, elk and bear) and wild berries and other fruits. The Native Americans of this area used wood to build their houses and had engaged in carved cedar canoes and pirogues. In their permanent winter villages some of the groups had totem poles, which were carefully cut and covered with symbolic animal decoration. His work of art, they are famous, also included the performance of ceremonies elements, such as rattles and masks, textiles and basketry. They had a highly stratified society with chiefs, nobles, commoners and slaves. Characteristics of public display and disposal of wealth were basic to society. He had woven robes, furs, and basket hats as well as wooden armor and helmets for battle. This culture distinctive, which included cannibalistic rituals, was not greatly affected by European influences until after the late 18th cent., when the white fur traders and hunters arrived in the area.
TRIBES: Abenaki, Algonquin, Beothuk, Delaware, Erie, Fox, Huron, Illinois, Iroquois, Kickapoo, Mahican, Mascouten, Mass., Mattabesic, Menominee, Metoac, Miami, Micmac, Mohegan, Montagnais, Narragansett, Nauset, Neutrals, Niantic, Nipissing, Nipmuc, Ojibwe, Ottawa, Pennacook, Pequot Pocumtuck, Potawatomi, Sauk, Shawnee, Susquehannock, Tionontati, Wampanoag, Wappinger, Wenran, Winnebago.
• The area of plains
The vast plains area from north of the border with Canada, South Texas and included the grasslands area between the Mississippi River and the foothills of the Mountains Rockies. The main language families in this area were the Algonquian-Wakashan, the Aztec-Tanoan, and the Hokan-Siouan. In pre-Columbian times there were two different Native American there: sedentary and nomadic. The sedentary tribes who had migrated from neighboring regions and had initally Ing settled along the valleys river, were farmers and lived in permanent villages of dome-shaped earth houses surrounded by mud walls. He grew corn, squash and beans. The foot nomads, on the contrary, they moved with their products in dog-drawn bier and carried out a precarious existence by hunting the great herds of buffalo (bison) – Usually by driving in the enclosures or rounding up by setting the grass fires. Supplementing their diet by exchanging meat and skins for maize farming Native Americans.
The horse, first introduced by the Spanish in the Southwest, appeared in the Plains on the beginning of the 18th cent. and revolutionized the life of the Plains Indians. Many Native Americans left their villages and joined the nomads. Mounted and armed with bows and arrows, ranging from the grasslands hunting buffalo. The other Native Americans remained farmers (eg, the Arikara, Hidatsa, and Mandan). Native Americans from surrounding areas came into the Plains (eg, the Sioux of the Great Lakes, the Comanche and Kiowa in the west and northwest, and the Navajos and Apaches of the Southwest). A universal sign language developed among the perpetually wandering and often in conflict with Native Americans. Living on horseback and in the portable tepee, they preserved food by shock and drying lean meat and clothes made of buffalo hides and deer. The system of coup was a characteristic feature of their society. Other features were rites fast in the pursuit of a vision, warrior clans, beads and feathers and skins artwork decorated. These Plains Indians were among the last to participate in a serious struggle with white settlers in America.
TRIBES: Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboine, Bidai, Blackfoot, Caddo, Cheyenne, Comanche, Cree, Crow, Dakota (Sioux), Gros Ventre, Hidatsa, Iowa, Kansa, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Kitsai, Lakota (Sioux), Mandan, Metis, Missouri, Lakota (Sioux), Omaha, Osage, Otoe, Pawnee, Ponca, Sarsi, Sutai, Tonkawa, Wichita.
• The plateau area
The plateau area extending from above the Canadian border through the plateau and mountain area of the Rocky Mountains. southwest and includes much of California. tribes were the typical Spoken, the Paiute, the Nez Perce, and Shoshone. This was an area of great linguistic diversity. Due to the inhospitable environment the cultural development was generally low. The Native Americans in the Central Valley of California and the California coast, in particular, the bottles were sedentary peoples who gathered edible plants, roots and fruit and also hunted small. Acorn bread, made by beating acorns into meal and then washed with hot water, was distinctive, and cooked in baskets filled with water and heated by hot stones. Living in brush shelters or more important lean cough had partly buried earth lodges for ceremonies and ritual sweat baths. Basketry, coiled and twined, was highly developed. To the north, between the mountains of the Cascades and the Rockies., Social systems, political and religious were simple, and art did not exist. Native Americans were not submitted (since 1730) a great cultural change when they obtained from the Plains Indians the horse, the tepee, a form of the sun dance, and deerskin clothes. They continued, however, salmon fishing with nets and spears, and to harvest the bulbs beds. They also met ants and other insects and hunted small animals and, in later times, buffalo. Their permanent winter villages on waterways ceilinged subterranean lodges conical, some natives living in the bark-covered long houses.
TRIBES: Carrier, Cayuse, Coeur D'Alene, Colville, Dock-Spus, Eneeshur, Flathead, Kalispel, Kawachkin, Kittitas, Klamath, Klickitat, Kosith, Kutenai, Lakes, Lillooet, Methow, MODAC, Nez Perce, Okanogan, Palouse, Sanpoil Shushwap, Sinkiuse, Spokane, Tenino, Thompson, Tyigh, Umatilla, Wallawalla, Wasco, Wauyukma, Wenatchee, Wishram, Wyampum, Yakima. Californian: Achomawi, Atsugewi, Cahuilla, Chimariko, Chumash, Costanoan, Esselen, Hupa, Karuk, Kawaiisu, Maidu, Mission Indians, Miwok, Mono, Patwin, Pomo, Serrano, Shasta, Tolowa, Tubatulabal, Wailaki, Wintu, Wiyot, Yaha, Yokuts, Yuki, Yuman (California).
• The forest area of East
The Eastern Woodlands area covered the eastern United States, roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and included the Great Lakes. The Natchez, the Choctaw, the Cherokee, and the stream were typical inhabitants. The northeastern part of this extended area from Canada to Kentucky and Virginia. The locals (who speak languages of the Algonquian-Wakashan stock) were largely hunters and farmers, women tended small plots of corn, squash and beans. The birchbark canoe gained wide usage in this area. The general pattern of the existence of these Algonquian peoples and their neighbors, who spoke languages belonging to the Iroquoian branch of the Hokan-Siouan stock (enemies who had probably invaded from the south) was quite complex. Their diet of deer meat was supplemented by other game (eg bear), fish (caught with hook, spear, and net), and seafood. Cooking was done in vessels of wood and bark or simple black pottery. The dome-shaped hut and the longhouse of the Iroquois characterized their housing. Clothing deerskin, face painting and (in the case of men) from the body, blocking the scalp of men (left when hair was shaved on both sides of the head), are typical. The myths of Manitou (often called Manibozho or Manabaus), the hero who remake the world of mud after a deluge, are also widely known.
The south region of the Ohio River to the Gulf of Mexico, with its forests and fertile soil, was the heart of the southeastern part of the forest area oriental culture. There before c.500 the inhabitants were semi-nomads who hunted, fished and gathered roots and seeds. Between 500 and 900 they adopted agriculture, snuff consumption, pottery, and burial mounds. By c.1300 the agricultural economy was well established, and artifacts found in tombs show that trade was widespread. Long before the arrival of Europeans, the peoples of Natchez and Muskogean branches of the Hokan Siouan linguistic family were farmers who used hoes stone, bone, shell or blades. They hunted with bow and arrow and blowgun, fish by poisoning streams, and gathered berries, fruits and seafood. They had pottery excellent, sometimes decorated with abstract figures of animals or humans. Since warfare was frequent and intense, the villages were enclosed by wooden palisades reinforced with earth. Some of the larger villages, usually ceremonial centers, dominated the smaller settlements nearby. There were temples for sun worship, rites were complex and presented an altar with perpetual fire, extinguished and rekindled the fire each year in a "new" ceremony. The company is normally divided into classes, with a chief, his children, nobles and commoners making up the hierarchy. For a discussion of the first groups of forests, see the separate article Eastern Forests culture.
TRIBES: Acolapissa, Assisi, Alibamu, Apalachee, Atakapa, Bayougoula, Biloxi, Calusa, Catawba, Chakchiuma, Cherokee, Chesapeake Algonquin, Chickasaw, Chitamacha, Choctaw, Coushatta, Creek, CUSAB, Gaucata, Guale, Hitchiti, Houma, Jeags, Karankawa, Lumbee, Miccosukee, Mobile, Napochi, Nappissa, Natchez, Ofo, Powhatan, Quapaw, Seminole, South Sioux, Tekeste, Tidewater Algonquin, Timucua, Tunica, Tuscarora, Yamasee, Yuchi. Bannock, Paiute (Northern), Paiute (South), Sheepeater, Shoshone (Northern), Shoshone (Western), Ute, Washo.
• The Northern Area
The northern area covered most of Canada, also known as the Subarctic, in the belt of land semiarctic of the Rocky Mountains. to Hudson Bay. The main languages in this area were those of the Algonquian-Wakashan and the Nadene populations. Typical of the people there were the Chipewyan. Limiting environmental conditions prevented farming, but hunting, gathering, and activities such as trapping and fishing takes place. Nomadic hunters moved with the season of forest to tundra, killing the caribou in semiannual drives. Other food was provided by small game, berries and edible roots. Not only food but clothing and even shelter (tents of caribou skin) came from the caribou, and caribou leather thongs the Indians laced their snowshoes and nets and bags. Rackets Snow was one of the most important items of material culture. The shaman is the religion of many of these people.
TRIBES: Calapuya, Cathlamet, Chehalis, Chemakum, Chetco, Chilluckkittequaw, Chinook, Clackamas, Clatskanie, Clatsop, Cowichan, Cowlitz, Haida, Hoh, Klallam, Kwalhioqua, Lushootseed, Makah, Molala, Multomah, Oynut, Ozette, Queets, Quileute, Quinault, Rogue River, Siletz, Taidhapam, Tillamook, Tutuni, yakone.
• The Southwest Area
The Southwest area generally extended over Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Utah. The branch of the Uto-Aztec language Aztec population Tanoan language was the main group in the area. Here is a semi-nomadic people called the Basket Makers, who hunted with a pitcher, or atlatl, acquired (c.1000 BC) the art of cultivating beans and squash, probably from their southern neighbors. They also learned to make unfired pottery. They wove baskets, sandals and handbags. By c.700 BC they had begun intensive agriculture, made true pottery and hunting with bow and arrow. They lived in pit houses, which were partly underground and lined with stone slabs – the called slab houses. A new people came into the area some two centuries later, these were the ancestors of the Pueblo Indians. They lived in large communal houses in terraces on the edges of cliffs or canyons for protection and developed a ceremonial chamber (the kiva) of what had been the living room of the pit houses. This period of development ended c.1300, after a severe drought and the start of invasions from the north by the Athabascan-speaking Navajo and Apache. The known historical cultures of the peoples of such sedentary farming peoples as the Hopi and Zuni later became. He grows corn, beans, squash, cotton and snuff, rabbits dead with a wooden throwing stick, and cotton and corn traded buffalo meat from nomadic tribes. The men weave cotton and cultivate the fields, while women are fine polychrome pottery. The mythology and religious ceremonies were complex.
THE TRIBES: Apache (Eastern), Apache (Western), Chemehuevi, Coahuiltecan, Hopi, Jano, Manso, Maricopa, Mohave, Navajo, Pai, Papago, Pima, Pueblo (bursting into: Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Jemez, Laguna, Nambe, Picuris, Pojoaque, Sandia, San Felipe, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Ana, Santa Clara, Santo Domingo, Taos, Tesuque, Zia), Yaqui, Yavapai, Yuma, Zuni. I feel strongly consider
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